{"id":766,"date":"2026-04-19T14:09:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-19T14:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ulemnrme.a2hosted.com\/wordpress\/?page_id=766"},"modified":"2026-06-19T21:28:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T04:28:49","slug":"diabetes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/diaendo.com\/index.php\/diabetes\/","title":{"rendered":"Diabetes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_hdr{background-color: #149d79 !important; padding-top: 28px !important; padding-bottom: 24px !important;}\u201d][vc_column css=\u201d.vc_custom_1777694595501{margin-top: 15px !important;}\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dPatient Education \u00b7 Endocrinology\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:p|font_size:11px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff\u201d use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d css=\u201d\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dDiabetes: Understanding, Managing & Living Well\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:h1|font_size:44px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff|line_height:1.1\u2033 use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dA guide to diabetes types, diagnosis, treatment, and technology \u2014 written for our patients.\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:p|font_size:15px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff\u201d use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=\u201d1\/1\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<style>.de-toc{background:transparent;border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0;box-shadow:none;margin:0 0 6px;}.de-toc-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#149d79;margin:0 0 12px;text-align:center;}.de-toc-inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;justify-content:center;}.de-toc-pill{display:inline-block;font-size:.86rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1;padding:9px 16px;border:1.5px solid #149d79;border-radius:999px;color:#149d79;text-decoration:none !important;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .15s ease,color .15s ease;}.de-toc-pill:hover{background:#149d79;color:#fff !important;}.de-section{scroll-margin-top:30px;}@media(max-width:680px){.de-toc-inner{justify-content:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;}.de-toc-pill{font-size:.8rem;padding:8px 13px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"de-toc\">\n<p class=\"de-toc-label\">On this page<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-toc-inner\"><a class=\"de-toc-pill\" href=\"#sec-understanding-diabetes\">Understanding Diabetes<\/a><a class=\"de-toc-pill\" href=\"#sec-symptoms-and-diagnosis\">Symptoms & Diagnosis<\/a><a class=\"de-toc-pill\" href=\"#sec-treatment\">Treatment<\/a><a class=\"de-toc-pill\" href=\"#sec-complications-and-related-care\">Complications<\/a><a class=\"de-toc-pill\" href=\"#sec-technology\">Technology<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_intro{background-color: #ffffff !important; padding-top: 20px !important; padding-bottom: 4px !important;}\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-intro\">If you have questions about your diabetes care or would like to discuss monitoring technology or treatment, we invite you to <a href=\"\/contact\">contact our office<\/a>. All care is individualized to your specific history and goals.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_s1{background-color: #ffffff !important; padding-top: 24px !important; padding-bottom: 48px !important;}\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-section\" id=\"sec-understanding-diabetes\">Understanding Diabetes<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is diabetes and how does it develop?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p>Diabetes is a group of metabolic conditions defined by chronically elevated blood glucose. Glucose is the primary fuel for most cells, but it can only enter cells with the help of insulin \u2014 a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. When insulin production is insufficient or the body\u2019s cells become resistant to its effects, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream while cells are starved of energy.<\/p>\n<p>Chronically elevated glucose damages blood vessels and nerves throughout the body, leading to the long-term complications that make diabetes one of the leading causes of blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputation, and cardiovascular disease worldwide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p><strong>Type 1 diabetes<\/strong> is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells, requiring insulin therapy for survival.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Type 2 diabetes<\/strong> develops when cells become resistant to insulin\u2019s effects. Over time, the pancreas exhausts its compensatory capacity and insulin production declines. Type 2 is strongly influenced by genetics, body weight, and lifestyle, and accounts for approximately 90\u201395% of all diabetes cases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is LADA?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p>Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is an autoimmune form of diabetes that resembles Type 2 at diagnosis but is mechanistically similar to Type 1. It is frequently misclassified, leading to years of ineffective treatment.<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-callout\">LADA accounts for an estimated 5\u201310% of adults diagnosed with \u201cType 2.\u201d If you were diagnosed with Type 2 but have not responded well to oral medications, or if you are lean and active, LADA should be considered. We routinely test for GAD antibodies and C-peptide when the picture doesn\u2019t fit.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is prediabetes?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p>Prediabetes refers to blood glucose levels that are above normal but below the diabetic threshold. Without intervention, approximately 15\u201330% of people with prediabetes will develop Type 2 diabetes within five years. With structured lifestyle changes, progression can often be prevented or substantially delayed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_s2{background-color: #f5f7f6 !important; padding-top: 24px !important; padding-bottom: 48px !important;}\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-section\" id=\"sec-symptoms-and-diagnosis\">Symptoms & Diagnosis<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What are the symptoms of diabetes?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p><strong>Classic symptoms<\/strong> include excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Type 2 diabetes is often silent.<\/strong> Many patients have no symptoms for years while silent organ damage accumulates \u2014 which is why screening is important even in the absence of symptoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">How is diabetes diagnosed?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Test<\/th>\n<th>Normal<\/th>\n<th>Prediabetes<\/th>\n<th>Diabetes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Fasting Glucose<\/td>\n<td>Below 100<\/td>\n<td>100\u2013125<\/td>\n<td>126 or above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HbA1c<\/td>\n<td>Below 5.7%<\/td>\n<td>5.7\u20136.4%<\/td>\n<td>6.5% or above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2-hr Glucose (OGTT)<\/td>\n<td>Below 140<\/td>\n<td>140\u2013199<\/td>\n<td>200 or above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_s3{background-color: #ffffff !important; padding-top: 24px !important; padding-bottom: 48px !important;}\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-section\" id=\"sec-treatment\">Treatment<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What medications are used to treat Type 2 diabetes?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p class=\"de-drug-name\">Metformin<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-desc\">The established first-line agent. Reduces hepatic glucose production, improves insulin sensitivity, and is associated with modest weight loss. Inexpensive and well-tolerated.<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-name\">GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Semaglutide (Ozempic) \u00b7 Tirzepatide (Mounjaro)<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-desc\">A transformative class. Stimulate insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite. Produce meaningful weight loss and have demonstrated cardiovascular and kidney protective effects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-name\">SGLT-2 Inhibitors Empagliflozin (Jardiance) \u00b7 Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-desc\">Cause the kidneys to excrete excess glucose in the urine. Lower blood pressure, reduce body weight, and have demonstrated robust cardiovascular and renal protective effects. Now recommended early in patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease.<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-name\">Insulin<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-drug-desc\">Required for all Type 1 and LADA patients, and for many with Type 2 as the disease progresses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=\u201d1\/1\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-section\" id=\"sec-complications-and-related-care\">Complications & Related Care<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">Why does diabetes affect so many parts of the body?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">Over time, elevated blood glucose damages both small blood vessels (the eyes, kidneys, and nerves) and large blood vessels (the heart, brain, and legs). This is why comprehensive diabetes care looks well beyond the glucose number alone \u2014 we screen for and manage the complications that drive most of the long-term harm. Good control of glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol together is far more protective than focusing on any one of them in isolation.<\/div>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What complications do you screen for?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">As part of ongoing care we monitor for several recognized complications:<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-callout\"><strong>Eyes (retinopathy)<\/strong> \u2014 regular dilated eye exams to catch retinal damage early.<br \/><strong>Kidneys (nephropathy)<\/strong> \u2014 periodic urine and blood testing to detect early protein loss and assess kidney function.<br \/><strong>Nerves (neuropathy)<\/strong> \u2014 foot exams and symptom review to identify nerve damage.<br \/><strong>Heart and blood vessels<\/strong> \u2014 attention to blood pressure, cholesterol, and overall cardiovascular risk.<\/div>\n<p>Catching these early, when they are still silent, is what allows us to slow or prevent their progression.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"de-q\">How is cholesterol (lipid) management part of diabetes care?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">Cardiovascular disease \u2014 heart attack and stroke \u2014 is the leading cause of death in people with diabetes, and abnormal lipids are a major, modifiable contributor. Because diabetes itself raises cardiovascular risk, the cholesterol targets we aim for are typically more aggressive than for the general population. We assess your lipid panel alongside your overall risk and use lifestyle measures and, when appropriate, statins or other lipid-lowering therapy to bring LDL cholesterol to goal. Managing lipids is one of the highest-impact things we do to protect your long-term health.<\/div>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is diabetic neuropathy, and how is it treated?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage that most often affects the feet and legs, causing numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain. It develops gradually and is closely tied to long-term glucose control, so the foundation of treatment is optimizing blood sugar to prevent further nerve damage, along with careful foot care to avoid ulcers and injury. For painful neuropathy, several treatments can help \u2014 including oral medications and, for localized foot pain, the in-office topical treatment <a href=\"\/contact\/\">Qutenza<\/a>, which we now offer at both locations. We tailor the approach to your symptoms and what you have already tried.<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_s4{background-color: #f5f7f6 !important; padding-top: 24px !important; padding-bottom: 64px !important;}\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-section\" id=\"sec-technology\">Technology<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p>CGM uses a small sensor placed under the skin to measure glucose every 1\u20135 minutes, providing real-time readings, trend arrows, and alerts \u2014 all without fingerstick testing. CGM is standard of care for all Type 1 diabetes patients and is increasingly used in Type 2, particularly for those on insulin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-callout\">We initiate and manage CGM in-office \u2014 including device selection, training, app setup, and interpretation of your data at every visit.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"de-q\">What are hybrid closed-loop systems?<\/p>\n<div class=\"de-a\">\n<p>Hybrid closed-loop systems pair an insulin pump with a CGM and an algorithm that automatically adjusts insulin delivery in response to real-time glucose levels. Current systems (Tandem Control-IQ, Omnipod 5) have dramatically improved outcomes for Type 1 patients. We initiate, train, and optimize pump therapy in-office.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_hdr{background-color: #149d79 !important; padding-top: 28px !important; padding-bottom: 24px !important;}\u201d][vc_column css=\u201d.vc_custom_1777694595501{margin-top: 15px !important;}\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dPatient Education \u00b7 Endocrinology\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:p|font_size:11px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff\u201d use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d css=\u201d\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dDiabetes: Understanding, Managing &#038; Living Well\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:h1|font_size:44px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff|line_height:1.1\u2033 use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d][vc_custom_heading text=\u201dA guide to diabetes types, diagnosis, treatment, and technology \u2014 written for our patients.\u201d font_container=\u201dtag:p|font_size:15px|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff\u201d use_theme_fonts=\u201dyes\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=\u201d1\/1\u2033][vc_column_text] On this page Understanding DiabetesSymptoms &#038; DiagnosisTreatmentComplicationsTechnology [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-766","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Diabetes - Diaendo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Diabetes - Diaendo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d css=\u201d.vc_custom_db_hdr{background-color: #149d79 !important; 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